Page Color: red

Freedom Bonds

The conditions required of free Black people who wanted to live in the state of Missouri.

Primary Source

Background

As a result of the Missouri Compromise, Missouri entered the Union as a slave state in 1821. Missouri legislators feared that free Black people from the free states that bordered Missouri would move to the state and encourage the enslaved people there to revolt. In 1835, the legislators passed a new law that required that every free Black person in the state to apply for a freedom license. This allowed the all-white government to determine which free Black people could reside in the state.

In 1843, the Missouri legislature added a second condition to the law. It said that all free Black people had to sign a bond guaranteeing their good behavior. If the free Black person then did something that the state deemed illegal, they would lose their freedom license, be forced to leave the state, and have to pay a fine. The fines could be as high as $1,000, which is equivalent to over $30,000 today. The person also had to find at least one person willing to sign the bond as their security. If the free Black person could not pay their fine, their security would have to pay it for them. If a free person or their security could not pay, the government could seize their property and sell it. It was challenging to find someone willing to take that kind of financial risk. This additional requirement made it even harder for free Black people to live in Missouri.

Documents

Free Negro Bond for Rosalie

Freedom Bonds

Free Negro Bond for Rosalie, County Court of St. Louis, January 4, 1848. Missouri Historical Society, D07255.

Document Text

Know all men by these presents, that we Rosalie as principal, and Joseph Garneau and Thomas G. Martin as securities, are held and firmly bound unto the State of Missouri in the just and full sum of 100 dollars, lawful money of the United States, for the payment of which we bind ourselves, our heirs, executors and administrators, firmly by these presents, sealed with our seals, and dated this 4th day of January A.D. 1848.
The condition of the above obligation is such, that whereas the said Rosalie has applied to the County Court of St. Louis County for and obtained a license to reside in the State of Missouri, during good behavior: Now if the said applicant shall be of good character during her residence in the State of Missouri, then this obligation to be void, else of full force and virtue.
Rosalie X (her mark)
Thomas G. Martin
J. Garneau
Witness: [illegible]

Summary Text

All readers should know that Rosalie and her securities, Joseph Garneau and Thomas G. Martin, do sign this pledge to pay the state of Missouri $100. We sign this agreement on January 4, 1848.
Rosalie applied for a license to live as a free woman in the State of Missouri. She will be allowed to do so as long as she exhibits good behavior. If the court decides she had shown bad behavior, she and her securities will have to pay this $100 fine.

Teaching Materials

Explore Relevant Themes